Taxation of donations

Where does the upper limit for Hometown Tax come from in the statutory text?

Statutory definition

Contributions to the national government or local public entities (including port authorities pursuant to the provisions of the Port and Harbor Act (Act No. 218 of 1950)), excluding those deemed to result in special benefits to the contributor, such as the exclusive use of facilities established by the contribution by the contributor.

Article 78, Paragraph 2, Item 1 of the Income Tax Act. It is the first item among the items listing the contents of "specified donations" covered by the donation deduction under Paragraph 1 of the same Article.

The cited wording does not contain the term "furusato nozei" (regional tax donation). What is written is simply these two points: that the recipient of the donation is the national government or a local government, and that cases where it is recognized that special benefits accrue to the donor are excluded. From the perspective of tax law, furusato nozei is a donation to a local government as referred to in this item. It is not given special treatment by the name of the system, but falls under this item depending on who the recipient is.

The resident tax follows the same structure, and Article 37-2, Paragraph 1 of the Local Tax Act lists donations made to "prefectures, municipalities, or special wards" as the first category of deductible donations. Rather than there being a single statutory provision called hometown tax donation, the provisions regarding donations in the Income Tax Act and the Local Tax Act operate simultaneously.

Furthermore, how the return gift relates to the exclusion provisions of this issue cannot be determined from this wording alone.

Overview

Issue Statutory rule
Income tax donation deduction Under Article 78, Paragraph 1 of the Income Tax Act, the amount exceeding 2,000 yen is deducted from the amount of aggregate income, retirement income, or forest income for that year. This is a deduction subtracted from income.
Basic resident tax exemption Article 37-2, Paragraph 1 of the Local Tax Act sets the rate for prefectural residents' tax at "four percent," and Article 314-7, Paragraph 1 sets the rate for municipal residents' tax at "six percent." Combined, 10 percent is deducted from the amount of the income-based levy.
Special exemption for resident tax Under Article 37-2, Paragraph 11 and Article 314-7, Paragraph 11 of the Local Tax Act, an amount calculated by multiplying the amount exceeding 2,000 yen by a certain rate is deducted from the income-based resident tax.
2,000 yen Article 78, Paragraph 1, Item 2 of the Income Tax Act lists "two thousand yen," and the Local Tax Act also allows deductions "when it exceeds two thousand yen."
Upper limit (special deduction amount) Combining the prefectural and municipal portions, the upper limit is 20 percent of the income-based resident tax amount. The upper limit commonly referred to in society is calculated backward from this.
upper limit (donation amount itself) Under income tax, the portion exceeding "forty percent" of the total amount of aggregate income, and under resident tax, the portion exceeding "thirty percent" of that amount from the previous year, are not included in the calculation.

The method for calculating the amount itselfrough calculation of the upper limit for hometown tax donationsare summarized in. From here on, we will look at the articles based on that premise.

What is the two thousand yen for?

Paragraph 1, Article 78 of the Income Tax Act states that when the amount listed in item 1 exceeds the amount listed in item 2, the excess amount is deducted. Item 1 is "the total amount of specified donations expended during the year," and item 2 is "2,000 yen." Of the donated amount, 2,000 yen is not included in the deduction calculation.

The same applies to resident tax. Article 37-2, Paragraph 1 of the Local Tax Act provides that if the total amount of donations exceeds "2,000 yen, an amount equivalent to 4 percent of the excess amount" shall be deducted from the amount of the income-based levy.

The so-called out-of-pocket amount of 2,000 yen refers to this same amount set forth in both laws. However, the legal provisions do not use the term "out-of-pocket." They merely state that there is a portion that is not included in the deduction calculation. For the portion exceeding the upper limit, which we will look at later, a financial burden remains apart from this 2,000 yen. You only pay 2,000 yen as long as you are within the upper limit.

Deductions are divided into three types.

The amount returned through the hometown tax donation program does not come from a single system. It is the total of three deductions with different characteristics.

The first is the income tax donation deduction. Because it is a deduction subtracted from income rather than directly from the tax amount, the refunded amount varies depending on the tax rate applicable to the individual. Even for the same donation amount, the amount refunded via income tax differs from person to person.

The second is the basic resident tax deduction. Article 37-2, Paragraph 1 of the Local Tax Act stipulates "4 percent" for prefectural resident tax, and Article 314-7, Paragraph 1 stipulates "6 percent" for municipal resident tax. Together, this makes 10 percent. If you reside in a designated city, the prefectural portion is "2 percent" and the municipal portion is "8 percent," but the total is still 10 percent. This is a deduction subtracted from the tax amount, and the rate is the same for everyone.

The third is the special resident tax deduction. It covers the remaining amount that cannot be absorbed by the income tax donation deduction and the basic deduction. It is also this special deduction where the upper limit becomes an issue.

The upper limit is 20 percent of the resident tax income levy amount.

The special deduction amount under the first paragraph shall be an amount equivalent to two-fifths (or one-fifth, in cases where the taxpayer has an address within the area of a designated city) of the amount obtained by multiplying the amount exceeding 2,000 yen out of the total amount of the special deduction-eligible contributions expended by the taxpayer liable for the income-based levy under the same paragraph during the preceding year by the rate specified in the respective items according to the classification of cases set forth in the following items (if such amount exceeds an amount equivalent to 20 percent of the amount of the income-based levy in cases where the provisions of Article 35 and the preceding Article are applied to the taxpayer, such amount equivalent to 20 percent).

This is Paragraph 11, Article 37-2 of the Local Tax Act. The part that corresponds to the upper limit is the parenthetical phrase at the end, which is the provision stating that when it exceeds "an amount equivalent to twenty percent of the amount of the income-based levy," that amount shall be the limit.

The "two-fifths" in the middle is the prefectural resident tax share, and Article 314-7, Paragraph 11, which defines the municipal resident tax, uses "three-fifths" in the same structure. Adding the two together makes the whole. Since a cap of 20 percent of the income-based levy amount is placed on each, the upper limit for the special deduction amount is 20 percent of the income-based levy amount in total.

This 20 percent is the reality of what is called the upper limit for the hometown tax donation program. As long as you stay within this limit, the amount exceeding 2,000 yen is absorbed by the three deductions, and once you have used up the limit, donating any further will not increase the special deduction. The portion that does not increase simply becomes your own out-of-pocket expense.

Therefore, the upper limit is calculated in reverse as the amount obtained by multiplying the amount exceeding 2,000 yen by the percentage in the table to be viewed later, right up to the point where it reaches exactly 20 percent of the income-based levy. The guideline for the upper limit is the amount obtained by dividing 20 percent of the resident tax income-based levy after adjustment deductions and before other tax deductions by the percentage applicable in the year of the donation, and adding 2,000 yen. For donations made during 2026, the percentage reflecting the special reconstruction income tax described later will be used. What determines the upper limit is not the circumstances of the donor, but the amount of that person's resident tax income-based levy.

What does a table showing a drop from 85 percent to 45 percent mean?

Paragraph 11 stipulates "the amount obtained by multiplying by the percentage specified in each of the following items according to the classification of the cases listed in the respective items." Item 1 of that paragraph is the following table.

Amount category Ratio
an amount of 1,950,000 yen or less Eighty-five percent
an amount exceeding 1,950,000 yen and up to 3,300,000 yen Eighty percent
an amount exceeding 3.3 million yen and up to 6.95 million yen Seventy percent
an amount exceeding 6.95 million yen and up to 9 million yen sixty-seven percent
An amount exceeding 9 million yen and up to 18 million yen 57 percent
千八百万円を超え四千万円以下の金額 百分の五十
四千万円を超える金額 百分の四十五

上の表は本則の文言です。2026年中の寄附の試算では、復興特別所得税を反映した割合を使います。標準的な総合課税の場合は「90パーセント−所得税率×1.021」です。所得税率5%、10%、20%、23%、33%、40%、45%に対応する割合は、順に84.895%、79.79%、69.58%、66.517%、56.307%、49.16%、44.055%となります。

割合の区分は、住民税の課税総所得金額から人的控除差調整額を引いた金額で判定します。実際の所得税の課税所得と一致しない場合があります。分離課税のみの場合などは別の計算になるため、この表だけで判定しません。

このほか第2号として、課税総所得金額から人的控除差調整額を控除した金額が零を下回るときなどに「百分の九十」が置かれています。

条文は、この数字がなぜこう並ぶのかを説明していません。ただ、所得税の寄附金控除は所得から差し引く控除ですから、所得の水準が高い人ほど、同じ寄附額のうち所得税で吸収される部分は大きくなります。住民税の基本控除の10パーセントは誰でも同じです。所得税と基本控除で吸収されずに残る部分は、所得の水準が高いほど小さくなります。その残りを引き受けるのが特例控除ですから、割合が下がっていく並びは、この関係と整合します。

実務上の意味は、先ほどの逆算にあります。所得が上がると所得割の額が増え、割る数である割合は小さくなります。上限額が所得の増え方以上に伸びるように見えるのは、この2つが同じ方向に効くためです。

40パーセントと30パーセントという、別の上限

20パーセントとは別に、寄附金額そのものにかかる上限も条文にあります。所得税法第78条第1項第1号は、控除の対象になる金額に「総所得金額、退職所得金額及び山林所得金額の合計額の百分の四十に相当する金額」という頭打ちを置いています。総所得金額等の合計額の40パーセントが天井です。

住民税は30パーセントです。地方税法第37条の2第1項と第314条の7第1項は、いずれも「前年の総所得金額、退職所得金額及び山林所得金額の合計額の百分の三十に相当する金額」を超える部分を外す括弧書きを置いています。所得税と住民税で割合が違います。

ここでいう住民税の「前年」は、住民税を課税する年度から見た前年です。2026年中の寄附なら、所得税は2026年分、住民税は2027年度から控除され、いずれも原則として2026年の所得を基に計算します。同じ寄附について、所得税は今年の所得、住民税は昨年の所得を使うという意味ではありません。

Points that require care in practice

  • 住宅ローン控除がある場合。特例控除の20パーセント枠は、調整控除後、住宅ローン控除などその他の税額控除を差し引く前の住民税所得割額で計算します。ただし、住宅ローン控除との併用により、計算上の控除額を全額使い切れない場合があります。20パーセント枠そのものと、実際に控除できる額を分けて確認します。
  • 医療費控除など、所得から差し引く控除が増えた場合。課税総所得金額が下がって所得割の額も下がりますので、やはり上限額の目安は下がります。表の区分が変わることもあります。
  • iDeCoの掛金を増やした場合。掛金は所得から差し引かれますので、住民税の所得割の額も下がります。老後の備えを増やすと、ふるさと納税の上限額の目安は下がります。
  • 年の途中で年収が変わった場合。年初に見込みで寄附をした後に賞与が減った、転職した、退職したといった事情があると、上限額は動きます。上限は、その年が終わってはじめて確定します。
  • ワンストップ特例を使った場合と確定申告をした場合とで、結果が一致しないことがあります。ワンストップ特例では所得税の寄附金控除が働かず、住民税の側でまとめて処理されるためです。医療費控除などで確定申告をすると特例の申請は効力を失いますので、寄附先すべてを申告に含めます。
  • 上限額は、あくまで目安です。所得も控除も年末まで確定しませんので、必ずこの金額まで大丈夫と言い切れる金額を年の途中に出すことはできません。余裕を見ておくのが安全です。
  • 制度の数字は改正で動きます。直近の改正の方向はKey points of the FY2026 tax system revision outlinesummarizing in

Legal basis

  • 所得税法 第78条第1項(寄附金控除)/引用した文言:「居住者が、各年において、特定寄附金を支出した場合において、第一号に掲げる金額が第二号に掲げる金額を超えるときは、その超える金額を、その者のその年分の総所得金額、退職所得金額又は山林所得金額から控除する。」
  • 所得税法 第78条第1項第1号(寄附金控除)/引用した文言:「その年中に支出した特定寄附金の額の合計額(当該合計額がその者のその年分の総所得金額、退職所得金額及び山林所得金額の合計額の百分の四十に相当する金額を超える場合には、当該百分の四十に相当する金額)」
  • 所得税法 第78条第1項第2号(寄附金控除)/引用した文言:「二千円」
  • 所得税法 第78条第2項第1号(特定寄附金の範囲)/引用した文言:「国又は地方公共団体(港湾法(昭和二十五年法律第二百十八号)の規定による港務局を含む。)に対する寄附金(その寄附をした者がその寄附によつて設けられた設備を専属的に利用することその他特別の利益がその寄附をした者に及ぶと認められるものを除く。)」
  • 地方税法 第37条の2第1項(道府県民税の寄附金税額控除)/引用した文言:「二千円を超える場合には、その超える金額の百分の四(当該納税義務者が指定都市の区域内に住所を有する場合には、百分の二)に相当する金額」「当該合計額が前年の総所得金額、退職所得金額及び山林所得金額の合計額の百分の三十に相当する金額を超える場合には、当該百分の三十に相当する金額」
  • 地方税法 第37条の2第1項第1号(控除の対象となる寄附金)/引用した文言:「都道府県、市町村又は特別区」
  • 地方税法 第37条の2第11項(特例控除額)/引用した文言:「第一項の特例控除額は、同項の所得割の納税義務者が前年中に支出した特例控除対象寄附金の額の合計額のうち二千円を超える金額に、次の各号に掲げる場合の区分に応じ、当該各号に定める割合を乗じて得た金額の五分の二(当該納税義務者が指定都市の区域内に住所を有する場合には、五分の一)に相当する金額(当該金額が当該納税義務者の第三十五条及び前条の規定を適用した場合の所得割の額の百分の二十に相当する金額を超えるときは、当該百分の二十に相当する金額)とする。」
  • 地方税法 第37条の2第11項第1号(割合の表)/引用した文言:「百九十五万円以下の金額 百分の八十五」「百九十五万円を超え三百三十万円以下の金額 百分の八十」「三百三十万円を超え六百九十五万円以下の金額 百分の七十」「六百九十五万円を超え九百万円以下の金額 百分の六十七」「九百万円を超え千八百万円以下の金額 百分の五十七」「千八百万円を超え四千万円以下の金額 百分の五十」「四千万円を超える金額 百分の四十五」
  • 地方税法 第37条の2第11項第2号(割合)/引用した文言:「百分の九十」
  • 地方税法 第314条の7第1項(市町村民税の寄附金税額控除)/引用した文言:「その超える金額の百分の六(当該納税義務者が指定都市の区域内に住所を有する場合には、百分の八)に相当する金額」
  • 地方税法 第314条の7第11項(特例控除額)/引用した文言:「五分の三」

今回の計算・説明で確認した資料

This article is a general explanation based on laws and regulations as of September 7, 2026. Please consult us about your individual circumstances before taking action.

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